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Air Transport

Maturitní otázka 25 - Air Transport

druhy dopravy a porovnání letecké dopravy s jinými druhy veřejné dopravy (zejména autobusové a lodní)

historie letecké dopravy

nebezpečí letecké dopravy

letiště a jeho části - pro cestující a pro provoz letecké dopravy

komunikace při odbavování

světová letiště a česká letiště

popis letadla

History of Air Transport

The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on November 21, 1783, in a hot air balloon designed by the Montgolfier brothers, and balloon flight became increasingly common over longer and longer distances throughout the 19th century, continuing to the present.
The practicality of balloons was limited by the fact that they could only travel downwind. It was immediately recognized that a steerable, or dirigible, balloon was required.
Although several airships, as steerable balloons came to be called, were built during the 1800s, the first aircraft to make routine flights were made by the Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont. Santos-Dumont effectively combined an elongated balloon with an internal combustion engine. On October 19, 1901 he became world famous when he flew his airship "Number 6" over Paris to win the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize. Santos-Dumont's success with airships proved that controlled and sustained flight was possible.
On December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers flew the first successful powered, heavier-than-air flight, though their aircraft was impractical to fly for more than a short distance because of control problems. The widespread adoption of ailerons made aircraft much easier to manage, and only a decade later, at the start of World War I, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and even attacks against ground positions.
Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. In contrast to small non-rigid blimps, giant rigid airships became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances. The best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German Zeppelin Company.
The most successful Zeppelin was the Graf Zeppelin. It flew over one million miles, including an around the world flight in August of 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the airplanes of the that period, which had a range of only a few hundred miles, was diminishing as airplane design advanced. The "Golden Age" of the airships ended on June 6, 1937 when the Hindenburg caught fire killing 36 people. Although there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time.
Great progress was made in airplane design during the 1920s and 1930s. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3 which became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fuelled rockets.
After WWII, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft became available. Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light aircraft for the new middle class market.
By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first widely-used passenger jet was the Boeing 707. At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.
Yuri Gagarin was the first human to travel to space on April 12, 1961, while Neil Armstrong was the first to set foot on the moon on July 21, 1969.
Since the 1960s, composite airframes and quieter, more efficient engines have become available, but the most important innovations have taken place in instrumentation and control. The arrival of solid-state electronics, the Global Positioning System, satellite communications, and increasingly small and powerful computers and LED displays, have dramatically changed the cockpits of airliners and, increasingly, of smaller aircraft as well. Pilots can navigate much more accurately and view terrain, obstructions, and other nearby aircraft on a map or through synthetic vision, even at night or in low visibility.
On June 21, 2004, Space Ship One became the first privately funded aircraft to make a spaceflight, opening the possibility of an aviation market outside the earth's atmosphere.

While there were many more in the past, there are currently only five major manufacturers of civil transport aircraft:

Airbus, based in Europe
Boeing, based in the United States
Bombardier, based in Canada
Embraer, based in Brazil
Tupolev, based in Russia (scheduled to be merged into the United Aircraft Building Corporation)

Boeing, Airbus, and Tupolev concentrate on larger airliners, while Bombardier and Embraer concentrate on commuter aircraft.

Air traffic control (ATC)

involves humans (typically on the ground) who communicate with aircraft to help maintain separation — that is, they ensure that aircraft are far enough apart horizontally or vertically that there is no risk of collision. Controllers may co-ordinate position reports provided by pilots, or in high traffic areas (such as the United States) they may use RADAR to see aircraft positions.

While the exact terminology varies from country to country, there are generally three different types of ATC:

control towers (including tower, ground control, clearance delivery, and other services), which control aircraft within a small distance (typically 10-15 km horizontal, and 1,000 m vertical) of an airport.
terminal controllers, who control aircraft in a wider area (typically 50-80 km) around busy airports
centre controllers, who control aircraft enroute between airports

ATC is especially important for aircraft flying under Instrument flight rules (IFR), where they may be in weather conditions that do not allow the pilots to see other aircraft. However, in very high-traffic areas, especially near major airports, aircraft flying under Visual flight rules (VFR) are also required to follow instructions from ATC.

Annoucements to Passengers

Announcement at the airport

The following announcement is a departure annoucement made before the entrance to the landside passenger lounge of an international flight channel:

CSA announce the departure of the flight number 856 to Prague. Will passengers please proceed to channel number five for Customs and Passport Control. CSA, flight number 856 to Prague. This is the final announcement for this flight.

Other announcement about the delay:

KLM Royal Dutch Airlines regret that flight number 120 to AMsterdam will be delayed for approximately half an hour due to weather in the London area. This flight is now expected to depart at 10.30 hours.

The announcement about the cancellation:

KLM regret to announce that their flight number 120 to AMsterdam has been cancelled due to technical reasons. Will passengers please collect their hand luggage and return to the KLM ticket desk in the main concourse where information regarding the departure of the coach to London, rebooking, refunds and alternative means of transport will be available.

Announcement on the plane

The announcement giving information on the flight:

Ladies and Gentlemen, this is Captain Miles. We are now at our cruising height of 33,000ft and our position is over Dijon. We shall be passing Mont Blanc on the right-hand side of the aircraft in sixteen minutes. The weather over Rome is fine and we expect to arrive on time. I trust you are enjoying the flight and hope to find time to come back later.

The announcement before landing:

Ladies and Gentlemen, in a few moments we shall arrive at Leos Janacek Ostrava Airport. After landing, will you please remain seated until the aircraft has stopped, and will you now please fasten your seat belts and extinguish your cigarettes. Thank you.

The announcement giving information about a diversion because of bad weather:

Ladies and Gentlemen, we are approaching an area of turbulence. We will avoid as much of it as possible but may still experience bumpty conditions. The weather at Leos Janacek Ostrava Airport is foggy and unsuitable for landing. We shall be flying to a nearby airport where we shall arrive in a few minutes. We regret the inconvenience to passengers destined for Ostrava. We will notify our intentions later on. Leos Janacek Airport know of this change and we have asked them to inform friends meeting the aircraft.

At the airport

What to do at check-in?

The check-in lobby and check-in desk for your flight are usually indicated on the monitor screens and departure signboards at the airport. The first thing to do at the airport is to go to the check-in desk. Give your ticket and valid passport or identity document to the check-in clerk. Place your suitcases intended for the cargo hold onto the conveyor belt one at a time. The check-in clerk will give you a boarding pass and tags for your luggage. Your boarding pass shows the number of your seat on the plane, the departure gate for your flight and the time that you should report to the gate.

What to do at security control?

You must go through security control before passing to the plane. Place all your hand luggage onto the x-ray machine conveyor belt. It is a good idea to place the small objects in your pockets, such as coins, keys, wallet and mobile phone, into your hand luggage before you go through security control. You may also place small items in the basket reserved for them at the security control desk. The x-ray equipment will not damage films, videocassettes or medicines. You must then pass through the metal detector gate yourself and collect your belongings from the conveyor belt. If necessary, the security officer may make a personal inspection with a hand-held detector or take your hand luggage for special inspection.

What to do at passport control?

If you are travelling to a country which is not party to the Schengen Agreement, you must pass through Border Control before boarding your plane. Show your valid passport or identity certificate issued by the police as well as your boarding pass to the border officer. You should check before hand with your travel agent or the Finnish foreign ministry whether you will need a visa for the country you are visiting.

Beginner Dialogues - At the Airport

Checking In

A.Good morning. Can I have your ticket, please?

B.Here you are.

A.Thank you. Would you like smoking or non-smoking?

B.Non-smoking, please.

A.Would you like a window or an aisle seat?

B.An aisle seat, please.

A.Do you have any baggage?

B.Yes, this suitcase and this carry-on bag.

A.Here's your boarding pass. Have a nice flight.

B.Thank you.

Passport Control

A.Good morning. Can I see your passport?

B.Here you are.

A.Thank you very much. Are you a tourist or on business?

B.I'm a tourist.

A.That's fine. Have a pleasant stay.

B.Thank you.

Airport check-in information

To facilitate an on-time departure, we recommend that you allow ample time for check-in. When travelling around holidays or other peak travel times, allow additional time.

For travel within the U.S., we recommend arriving 60 minutes before your flight if you are not checking bags and 90 minutes before your flight if you are checking bags. View the requirements for checking baggage at Domestic airports

For international travel, we recommend arriving 2 hours before your flight. View the requirements for checking baggage at International airports

Please also review the TSA's airport screening procedures prior to arriving at the airport. United's policy states that reservations and seat assignments are subject to cancellation for any customer who fails to check in and obtain a boarding pass at least 30 minutes prior to scheduled departure and available for boarding at the departure gate at least 20 minutes prior to scheduled departure for United, United Express and Ted flights between points in North America, including flights to/from the U.S., Mexico, Canada and the Caribbean.

To/from all other international points, customers must check in and obtain boarding passes at least 45 minutes prior to departure and must be available for boarding at the departure gate at least 30 minutes prior to scheduled departure.

SELECTED TONGUE TWISTERS

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Did Peter Piper pick a peck of pickled peppers?
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?
Plain bun, plum bun, bun without plum.
A proper cup of coffee from a proper copper coffee pot. Give papa a cup of proper coffee in a copper coffee cup.
Tommy Tucker tried to tie Tammy's Turtles tie.
The two-twenty-two train tore through the tunnel.
Twelve twins twirled twelve twigs.
Three twigs twined tightly.
A twister of twists once twisted a twist; a twist that he twisted was a three-twisted twist;
If in twisting a twist one twist should untwist, the untwisted twist would untwist the twist.
Mr. Tongue Twister tried to train his tongue to twist and turn, and twit an twat, to learn the letter ""T"".
A tree toad loved a she-toad who lived up in a tree. He was a two-toed tree toad, but a three-toed toad was she.
The two-toed tree toad tried to win the three-toed she-toad's heart, for the two-toed tree toad loved the ground that the three-toed tree toad trod. But the two-toed tree toad tried in vain, he couldn't please her whim.
From her tree toad bower with her three-toed power the she-toad vetoed him.
Crisp crusts crackle crunchily.
It's not the cough that carries you off, it's the coffin they carry you off in!
If coloured caterpillars could change their colours constantly could they keep their coloured coat coloured properly?
Crush grapes, grapes crush, crush grapes, grapes crush, crush grapes, grapes crush, crush grapes, grapes crush
Black background, brown background.
Big black bugs bleed blue black blood but baby black bugs bleed blue blood.
A box of biscuits, a box of mixed biscuits, and a biscuit mixer
A big black bug bit a big black bear and made the big black bear bleed blood.
The big black bug bit the big black bear, but the big black bear bit the big black bug back!
Blake's black bike's back brake bracket block broke.
Brad's big black bath brush broke.
Ruby Rugby's brother bought and brought her back some rubber baby-buggy bumpers.
Betty Botter had some butter,
- "But," she said, "this butter's bitter.
- If I bake this bitter butter,
- it would make my batter bitter.
- But a bit of better butter--
- that would make my batter better."
- So she bought a bit of butter,
- better than her bitter butter,
- and she baked it in her batter,
- and the batter was not bitter.
- So 'twas better Betty Botter
Double bubble gum, bubbles double. Ken Dodd's dad's dog's dead.
Did Doug dig Dick's garden or did Dick dig Doug's garden?
Ed had edited it.
Three gray geese in the green grass grazing. Gray were the geese and green was the grass.
How much ground could a grounghog grind if a groundhog could grind ground?
Blue glue gun, green glue gun.
Good blood, bad blood, good blood, bad blood, good blood, bad blood.
Green glass globes glow greenly.
The great Greek grape growers grow great Greek grapes.
Give me the gift of a grip top sock: a drip-drape, ship-shape, tip-top sock. Knapsack strap.
Pope Sixtus VI's six texts.
Six twin screwed steel steam cruisers.
Six shimmering sharks sharply striking shins.
Shy Shelly says she shall sew sheets.
Six short slow shepherds.
Does this shop sport short socks with spots?
Sure the ship's shipshape, sir.
She sells sea shells by the sea shore. The shells she sells are surely seashells.
So if she sells shells on the seashore, I'm sure she sells seashore shells.
We surely shall see the sun shine soon.
National Sheepshire Sheep Association
Say this sharply, say this sweetly, Say this shortly, say this softly. Say this sixteen times in succession.
Swan swam over the sea,
- Swim, swan, swim!
- Swan swam back again
- Well swum, swan!
The soldier's shoulder surely hurts!
The soldiers shouldered shooters on their shoulders.
She said she should sit.
I saw Susie sitting in a shoe shine shop. Where she sits she shines, and where she shines she sits.
Six slippery snails, slid slowly seaward.
Six sleek swans swam swiftly southwards
Six shining cities, six shining cities, six shining cities.
A pessimistic pest exists amidst us.
Strange strategic statistics.
Scissors sizzle, thistles sizzle.
Chop shops stock chops.
Suzie Seaword's fish-sauce shop sells unsifted thistles for thistle-sifters to sift.
She sifted thistles through her thistle-sifter.
The sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep's sick.
Tim, the thin twin tinsmith.
Thin sticks, thick bricks
This is the sixth zebra snoozing thoroughly.
Six thick thistle sticks. Six thick thistles stick.
Thieves seize skis.
Four furious friends fought for the phone.
Three Tree Turtles
Three free throws. He threw three free throws.
Tom threw Tim three thumbtacks.
I thought, I thought of thinking of thanking you.
I thought a thought. But the thought I thought wasn't the thought I thought I thought.
I thought a thought. But the thought I thought wasn't the thought I thought I thought. If the thought I thought I thought had been the thought I thought, I wouldn't have thought so much.
Thank the other three brothers of their father's mother's brother's side.
They both, though, have thirty-three thick thimbles to thaw.
Thirty-three thousand people think that Thursday is their thirtieth birthday.
Thirty-three thirsty, thundering thoroughbreds thumped Mr. Thurber on Thursday.
King Thistle stuck a thousand thistles in the thistle of his thumb.
A thousand thistles King Thistle stuck in the thistle of his thumb.
If King Thistle stuck a thousand thistles in the thistle of his thumb,
How many thistles did King Thistle stick in the thistle of his thumb?
Nothing is worth thousands of deaths.
Elizabeth's birthday is on the third Thursday of this month.
The thirty-three thieves thought that they thrilled the throne throughout Thursday.
There those thousand thinkers were thinking how did the other three thieves go through.
There those thousand thinkers were thinking where did those other three thieves go through.
Through three cheese trees three free fleas flew. While these fleas flew, freezy breeze blew.
Freezy breeze made these three trees freeze. Freezy trees made these trees' cheese freeze.
That's what made these three free fleas sneeze.
Whether the weather be fine or whether the weather be not.
Whether the weather be cold or whether the weather be hot.
We'll weather the weather whether we like it or not.
Sweater weather, leather weather.
A lump of red leather, a red leather lump
Red leather, yellow leather, ...
Rory the warrior and Roger the worrier were reared wrongly in a rural brewery.
A loyal warrior will rarely worry why we rule.
Truly rural, truly rural, truly rural, ...
Willie's really weary.
- Really leery, rarely Larry
- Real rock wall, real rock wall, real rock wall
- A real rare whale.
- We're real rear wheels.
- Real weird rear wheels
- Willy's real rear wheel
Red lolly, yellow lolly, red lolly, yellow lolly.
Red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry.
Wow, race winners really want red wine right away!
Ripe white wheat reapers reap ripe white wheat right.
On a lazy laser raiser lies a laser ray eraser.
Are our oars oak?
What did you have for breakfast? Rubber balls and liquor!
What did you have for lunch? Rubber balls and liquor!
What did you have for dinner? Rubber balls and liquor! Rubber balls and liquor!
Near an ear, a nearer ear, a nearly eerie ear.
You know New York. You need New York. You know you need unique New York.
A Swiss wristwatch, an Irish wristwatch, A Swiss wristwatch, an Irish wristwatch
- Which wristwatch is a Swiss wristwatch? Swatch is a Swiss wristwatch.
- I wish to wash my Irish wristwatch.
Rhys watched Ross switch his Irish wristwatch for a Swiss wristwatch.
If two witches would watch two watches, which witch would watch which watch? Which witch wished which wicked wish?
I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won't wish the wish you wish to wish.
I wish I were what I was when I wished I were what I am.
One-One was a racehorse. Two-Two was one, too. When One-One won one race, Two-Two won one, too.
Vincent vowed vengeance very vehemently.
Very well, very well, very well ...
Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread. Spread it thick, say it quick!
Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread. Spread it thicker, say it quicker!
Yellow butter, purple jelly, red jam, black bread. Don't eat with your mouth full!
Give me the gift of a grip-top sock,
A clip drape shipshape tip top sock.
Not your spinslick slapstick slipshod stock,
- But a plastic, elastic grip-top sock.
- None of your fantastic slack swap slop
- From a slap dash flash cash haberdash shop.
- Not a knick knack knitlock knockneed knickerbocker sock
- With a mock-shot blob-mottled trick-ticker top clock.
- Not a supersheet seersucker rucksack sock,
- Not a spot-speckled frog-freckled cheap sheik's sock
- Off a hodge-podge moss-blotched scotch-botched block.
- Nothing slipshod drip drop flip flop or glip glop
- Tip me to a tip top grip top sock.

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